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一、定語
句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。
定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動名詞或從句來充當(dāng)。
eg: She is a beautiful girl. (形容詞)
I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. (形容詞)(修飾不定代詞的定語后置)
He is an English teacher. (名詞)
(名詞作定語時一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports, 如 a sports star)
I have a lot of work to do. (不定式)
The book written by a schoolboy is very popular now. (過去分詞短語)
We can see the rising sun. (現(xiàn)在分詞) = the sun is rising.
He is in the reading room. (動名詞) = the room for reading
The boy who broke the window is Tom’s brother. (從句)
注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面;但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, everybody, somewhere等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞的后面。
present (在場的), absent (缺席的)作定語時需要后置。 students present / absent
2. 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。
3 分詞作定語時，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后
1)分詞前置：單獨的一個分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
2)分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面
i. 分詞詞組; There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那里
ii. 個別分詞如given, left;
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
= Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa
二、定語從句(Attributive Clauses)
在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。
I like the books that are written by Mr. Green.
先行詞 關(guān)系詞
A. 關(guān)系詞：
關(guān)系詞通常有三個作用：引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.
1. 先行詞指人時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞：
(1)指人時，who和that都可以使用.
(2)who和whom都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時，不能用who.
He is the man who / whom I talked to you about.
= He is the man about whom I talked to you.
(3)先行詞是人時，只用who, 不用或少用that的情況：
a. 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, anyone時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who, 不用that如果先行詞是someone, 也可用that
He is not one who is easily frightened.
I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo.
The ones who tell lies won’t gain others’ trust.
Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.
Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you.
b. 先行詞是those時，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用that
Those who don’t wish to go need not go.
c. There be 句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來引導(dǎo)
There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes.
d. 若一個句子中有兩個定語從句，第一個已經(jīng)用that, 則第二個一般用who
The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a report yesterday.
e. 當(dāng)定語從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who
I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still beautiful.
f 非限定性定語從句只用who來引導(dǎo), 不用that
He has a son, who is a doctor.
(4)當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：
a. 以who開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用who
Who is the girl that said hello to you just now?
b. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物時，定語從句只用that來引導(dǎo)
They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.
c. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，只用that來引導(dǎo)
He’s changed. He is not the man that he was.
d. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時，只用that.
This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.
e. 當(dāng)先行詞是other時，定語從句只用that 引導(dǎo)。
You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time.
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