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教師考試英語(yǔ)筆試中,主謂一致的考查也是常有的,在此給大家再整理一下英語(yǔ)考試中的這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望能夠幫助到各位備考的考生。
主謂一致指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系,即指“主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”之間的一致關(guān)系,要求謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致。主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致和就近一致,語(yǔ)法一致即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致,意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致,就近一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和靠近它的主語(yǔ)部分保持一致。主謂一致??疾閮?nèi)容涉及名詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)、不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)、不定代詞作主語(yǔ)、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)、特殊名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)的一致等。
主謂一致中最基本的原則是:?jiǎn)螖?shù)主語(yǔ)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。但在實(shí)際使用當(dāng)中情況比較復(fù)雜,常考"表里不一"現(xiàn)象,現(xiàn)將主謂一致中常犯的錯(cuò)誤歸納整理如下:
1.如果主語(yǔ)有more than one很多 非常…或many a許多……構(gòu)成,one and a half與單數(shù)名詞組成的短語(yǔ)。盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如:
More than one student has read the book.
Many a girl has been there.
Many a boy has seen it. 許多孩子都看到了。
但是,“more +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
More members than one are against your plan.
A pair of shoes was on the desk.
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那兒玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生考試未及格。
2. each作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)
1)單獨(dú)用作主語(yǔ)(或修飾主語(yǔ)),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù):
Each student has his own desk. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都有自己的課桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 兩個(gè)男孩進(jìn)來(lái),每人提著一只箱子。
【注意】
(1) 兩個(gè)或多個(gè)“each+單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)并列作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
(2) “each of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”用作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)一般要用單數(shù)
Each of them was deeply frightened. 他們個(gè)個(gè)都驚恐萬(wàn)分。
但是在非正式文體中(尤其是當(dāng) each of之后的名詞較長(zhǎng)時(shí))偶爾也可用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ),但很少見(jiàn),學(xué)生宜慎用。
2)each 用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞后作同位語(yǔ)
此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù):
They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他們每人都有一本英漢詞典。
The young people each carry a big bag. 這些年輕人個(gè)個(gè)背著一個(gè)大袋子。
3. 主語(yǔ)后接in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介詞
其后的動(dòng)詞形式取決介詞前主語(yǔ):
Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了樹(shù)木之外什么也看不見(jiàn)。
No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母外沒(méi)人知道此事。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同學(xué)都看過(guò)這部電影。
4. 有些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣, 作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候, 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)由上下文決定(尤其注意其前的修飾語(yǔ)),這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese,Japanese等。
Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。
Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。
These means are very good. 這些方法很好。
Such a means is really unpleasant. 這樣的方法確實(shí)是令人不愉快。
若沒(méi)有特定的修飾語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)境,則用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)均可:
There is [are] no good means. 沒(méi)有好的方法。
Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其他的什么辦法嗎?
5. kind“種類”作主語(yǔ)
this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書) , 其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù); 短語(yǔ)this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語(yǔ)) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù), men of this kind 和these kind of men 的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù), all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of this kind are dangerous.
6. 在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。例如:
Between the two windows hangs a picture.
7.“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與短語(yǔ)中of 后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致,這是因?yàn)槎陶Z(yǔ)中后面的名詞是中心詞,而短語(yǔ)中前面的量詞是修飾語(yǔ)。例如:
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
和這種情況類似的還有“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。但是,“the number of + 名詞”的中心詞卻是number。試比較:
A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
【補(bǔ)充】
a (large) quantity of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
A large quantity of people is needed here.
quantities of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
短語(yǔ)in quantity, in large quantities 意為 “大量”; in small quantities 意為“少量”。
8. 表時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度、錢數(shù)、速度等的詞組作主語(yǔ),此時(shí)通常將其視為整體,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如:
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
以上介紹了主謂一致易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),希望對(duì)各位考生有所幫助。
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