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英語(yǔ)中的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)不僅是各類考試的重點(diǎn)，也是我們?cè)陂喿x理解中正確理解句意的關(guān)鍵，同時(shí)也是為寫(xiě)作增色的措施之一。因此，我們有必要掌握其結(jié)構(gòu)和用法。
定義：將謂語(yǔ)的一部分或全部置于主語(yǔ)之前的語(yǔ)序叫做倒裝語(yǔ)序。倒裝可分為兩種：將整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)提到主語(yǔ)之前的叫完全倒裝(complete inversion);只將be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前的叫做部分倒裝(partial inversion)。
【要點(diǎn)】
用于倒裝的幾種情況：
1. 帶有否定或辦否定意義的詞或短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí);
2. 當(dāng)only, so, often等副詞位于句首時(shí);
3. 表示上文的狀況也適合于另外一人或事時(shí);
4. 當(dāng)方位副詞置于句首時(shí)。
【內(nèi)容】
Ⅰ部分倒裝
用于部分倒裝的情況有：帶有否定意義的詞或短語(yǔ)置于句首引起的倒裝、only, often, so等副詞置于句首引起的倒裝、表示上文的狀況也適合于另外一人或事的句型中。
1.否定的詞或表示否定(或半否定)意義的詞或短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，句子需部分倒裝。例如：not, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, scarcely, few, never, nowhere, no longer, no more, not often, etc.
Never did he speak about his own merits. 他從不講自己的功績(jī)。
2.在含有否定詞的句型中，若否定詞位于句首，前半句部分倒裝，后半句不到裝。例如：hardly…when, no sooner… than, scarcely…when(這三個(gè)句型中前半句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后半句用一般過(guò)去式)， not only…but also, not until…, neither…nor, etc.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他一到家，她就抱怨起來(lái)。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他一回到家就又走了。
Seldom does he go to see his uncle.他極少去看他的叔叔。
☆ ①只有當(dāng)not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);如果它連接的是兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)則不需倒裝。例如：
Not only you but also I like playing chess.
②neither…nor…在句首時(shí)，前后兩句都需倒裝。例如：
Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.我和丈夫都沒(méi)有姐妹。
3.含有否定意義的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。例如：by no means, at no time, in no case, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, on no occasion, etc.
In no way can he solve the problem if he hesitates.假如他猶豫他就不可能解決問(wèn)題。
At no time shall a student cheat at his exam.學(xué)生任何時(shí)候都不允許考試作弊。
4. 當(dāng)only, so, often等副詞位于句首時(shí)，句子需部分倒裝。
Only when he works harder can Tom pass the exam.湯姆只有更加努力學(xué)習(xí)才能通過(guò)考試。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
他說(shuō)話聲大得隔壁的人都能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。
5. 由so, neither, nor指代前面一句的內(nèi)容，表示“也是或也不“的意義時(shí)，通常位于句首并引起倒裝。例如：
Henry can’t speak French. Nor (neither) can Jack (speak).亨利不會(huì)講法語(yǔ)，杰克也不會(huì)講。
6. 由were, had, should等開(kāi)頭的虛擬條件句(即省略了if的虛擬條件句)中，也需要部分倒裝( 詳見(jiàn)第二節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣)。
7. 當(dāng)as/though等引導(dǎo)的分句中的形容詞、分詞、副詞強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，一般采取倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為：形容詞/分詞/副詞+as/though +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。
Strong as he is, he cannot lift the big stone.盡管他很強(qiáng)壯，他仍然舉不起這塊大石頭。
8. 當(dāng)以下幾種狀語(yǔ)置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，一般可以采用部分倒裝。
頻度狀語(yǔ)：often，many a time, every day, now and then等。
方式狀語(yǔ)：gladly, well, with every satisfaction, with good reason等。
程度狀語(yǔ)：especially, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such length, to such a point等。
Many a time has he given me good advice.
他曾多次給我好建議。
Ⅱ全部倒裝
1. 當(dāng)here, there, out, in, up, down, away, in, out, off等表示方向、地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)置于句首，而謂語(yǔ)又是表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或存在的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)通常全部倒裝。例如：
Following the roar, out rush a tiger from the forest.
一聲吼叫之后，一只老虎從樹(shù)林中沖了出來(lái)。
There goes the bell.鈴響了。
Here is a ticket for you.這里有你一張票。
2. there be 句型是一種全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Something must be wrong.→There must be something wrong.肯定是出了什么事。
No one was waiting. →There was no one waiting.沒(méi)人在等。
又是為了生動(dòng)地描寫(xiě)事物， 其它一些表示存在意義的不及物動(dòng)詞也可用于此句型。這些動(dòng)詞有：exist, lie, stand, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。例如：
There exist different opinions on this question. 在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上存在不同觀點(diǎn)。
3.由now, then, thus, hence，引導(dǎo)的句子，習(xí)慣上主謂全部倒裝，其謂語(yǔ)通常是不帶助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的不及物動(dòng)詞，如be, come, go, follow, run 等( 如果主語(yǔ)是代詞，則不需倒裝)。
Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
4. 有是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或平衡句子，將表語(yǔ)或分詞前置也構(gòu)成全部倒裝。例如：Seated in the cinema are the workers from the watch factory.
坐在電影院里的是手表廠的工人。
【模擬題范例】
1. George didn’t like the new boss, and ___________.
A. and so she has B. neither did she C. and so has she D. but she has
2. Hardly ___________ when a loud explosion was heard.
A. the rain had started B. the train had been started
C. had the train started D. the train started
3. Much _______ I admired his courage, I didn’t think he acted wisely.
A. as B. like C. for D. do
4. So ______ after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.
A. excited the mother was B. was the mother excited
C. the mother was excited D. excited was the mother
5. _________ got in the wheat than it began to rain.
A. No sooner have they B. No sooner had they
C. No sooner they have D. No sooner they had
6. Not until quite recently _________ any idea of what a guided rocket is like.
A. did I have B. do I have C. should I have D. would I have
7. Seldom _______ any mistakes during my past five years of service here.
A. would I make B. I did make C. should I make D. did I make
8. So little ________ that the neighbor couldn’t settle their differences.
A. did they agree B. they agree C. agree did they D. they did agree
9. Only when you have collected sufficient evidence _______ come to a sound conclusion.
A. can you B. you will C. didn’t you D. were you
10. By no means _______ ready to retire.
A. will she B. she will C. she is D. is she
【參考答案與解析】
1. 【答案】B 當(dāng)so, neither或 nor位于句首時(shí)，句子需用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為“喬治不喜歡他的新老板，她也一樣。
2. 【答案】C 從屬連詞no sooner…than, scarcely … when, hardly… when表示“一……就”的概念，該句型通常采用部分倒裝的形式。全句的意思是：“火車(chē)剛一啟動(dòng)人們就聽(tīng)到了巨大的爆炸聲。”
3. 【答案】A 由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。全句意為：“盡管我佩服他的勇氣，但我認(rèn)為他的行為并不理智。”
4. 【答案】D 在so + 形容詞/ 副詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常采用部分倒裝的形式，全句意為：“母親聽(tīng)到這個(gè)好消息激動(dòng)得徹夜難眠。”
5. 【答案】B No sooner…than…結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句需部分倒裝，從句用過(guò)去式，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句意為：“他們剛收完小麥，天就下雨了。”
6. 【答案】A Not until位于句首，句子需用部分倒裝的形式，且主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)要呼應(yīng)，故選A。
7. 【答案】D 否定或半否定的副詞放在句首引起句子部分倒裝。句意為：“在過(guò)去五年的服務(wù)中，我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有出過(guò)什么錯(cuò)。”
8. 【答案】A 在“so…that…”句型中，當(dāng)so位于句首時(shí)，句子要部分倒裝。
9. 【答案】A 當(dāng)only + 狀語(yǔ)位于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，句子需要倒裝。
10. 【答案】D 當(dāng)否定詞或表示否定意義的詞、短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。句意為：“他沒(méi)有退休的準(zhǔn)備。”
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