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【動詞】
動詞的非謂語形式：動詞不做謂語時的固定形式。
(1)動詞的非謂語形式包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種形式;其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們在句子中不能單獨作謂語。
(2)動詞不定式：
① 形式：動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關成分就構成不定式短語。
③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)
④ 動詞不定式可以作謂語動詞(及物動詞)的賓語。
⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。
⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況：
⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
⑧ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。
(3)動名詞
① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾;它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。
② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③ 動名詞可以作賓語。
[A] want / need之后用動名詞時,含有被動意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關上你介意嗎?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學時就開始學英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學時就開始學英語了)
③ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進行時混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)
④ 動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補)
(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
5、動詞用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個結構：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth. + seem + like +…;③sb/sth + seem + to (do);④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因為他犯了那么大的錯誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)
(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個結構： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經做過一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強調“穿、戴”這個動作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認識那個身穿黑衣的女人嗎?)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)
[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎?)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎?)
(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動名詞,love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式,表示一種習慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時間或地點有關)。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣;玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎?)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學后他總愛游個泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎?)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)
(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學習、研究”,指過程;而learn主要表示“學會”,指結果。表示“學”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學多少門課程?) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學過了嗎?)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學英語多久了?)
learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認為中國會在40年后成為發(fā)達國家嗎?)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些?)
(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到;search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”;find指“找到”了東西;find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒!你在廚子里面找什么呢?)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎?)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的幾個結構：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補語補足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)
(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關,listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎?是的,你的話我全聽見了)
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程;see指“看見”這一結果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞;watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞;read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎?)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面;hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人;learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr. Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人?)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信?)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
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