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③ 用于賓語(yǔ)從句或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過(guò)時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、
不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)
(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過(guò)去,
并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。
①在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
②表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,
three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?guó))
③表示在過(guò)去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)
④口語(yǔ)中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.
(他們圖書館有上萬(wàn)本書)
⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過(guò)”)表示人在這里。
如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英國(guó)。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.
(你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過(guò)那里三次。)
⑥在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,
此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
(7) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
簡(jiǎn)言之, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
①過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
②過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語(yǔ)從句。
有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語(yǔ),也會(huì)有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.
(當(dāng)老師來(lái)的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.
(在他發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)
③過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說(shuō)他以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)袋鼠)
(8) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示在過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
①過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。
在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。
②過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常由于賓語(yǔ)從句中,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：later, soon, the next (day).
③在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中不可以使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.
(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,
he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來(lái)看看書)
④表示純粹的將來(lái)時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)
⑤過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。
如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)
(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過(guò)去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,
它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久?)
3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。
如果主語(yǔ)是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)意義上的區(qū)別。在英語(yǔ)中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于
及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。
(2)英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后的by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可省去。
(1) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：
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