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一、語音學(xué)及音系學(xué)之高頻考點(diǎn)
(一)Phonetics
Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds.
語音學(xué)研究人類發(fā)音的特點(diǎn),特別是言語語音特征、并對語音進(jìn)行描寫、分類和轉(zhuǎn)寫。
根據(jù)圖1,即言語表達(dá)過程的三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):說話者、空氣和聽話者。語音學(xué)一般分為三個(gè)分支:發(fā)音語音學(xué)(articulatory phonetics)、聲學(xué)語音學(xué)(acoustic phonetics)及聽覺語音學(xué)(auditory phonetics)。
在語音學(xué)中的三個(gè)分支中,發(fā)音語音學(xué)相對來說更成熟,所以在語音學(xué)中主要研究發(fā)音語音學(xué)。The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity—the throat, the oral cavity—the mouth, and the nasal cavity—the nose.
人類的發(fā)音器包含在三個(gè)重要的位置:咽腔—喉嚨,口腔—嘴,鼻腔—鼻子。英語語音分為輔音和元音,可以通過如下表巧記。
(二)Phonology
Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. There are some important definitions in phonology that we should pay more attention.
1. Minimal Pair
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. For example, dill and kill are a minimal pair because they differ from each other by the initial sound [d] and [k].
最小對立體:如果兩個(gè)詞,除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個(gè)音以外,其余的音都相同,那么這兩個(gè)詞就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)最小對立體。
2. Phonemic Contrast
If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast. For example, /p/ and /b/ in /pit/ and /bit/.
音位對立:兩個(gè)完全不同的音素,構(gòu)成音位對立。如音位/p/和/b/在音素[pit]和[bit]中是屬于音位對立。
最小對立體和音位對立雖是兩種不同概念,但是本質(zhì)是找出語言中的音位,只是對象有所不同,最小對立體是針對兩個(gè)詞,而音位對立則是針對兩個(gè)音素。
3. Complementary Distribution互補(bǔ)分布
If two phonetically similar sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, then they do not distinguish meaning, but complementary each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments, they are in complementary distribution. For instance, the clear [l] always occurs before a vowel while the dark [l] always occurs between a vowel and a consonant, or at the end of a word. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.
互補(bǔ)分布:如果兩個(gè)發(fā)音相似的音是用一個(gè)音素的音位變體,他們不能區(qū)分意義,且在分布上互補(bǔ)的,即他們出現(xiàn)在不同的語音環(huán)境中,他們就是互補(bǔ)分布。 例如,[l]和[l]都是/l/的音位變體,而[l]總是在元音前,而[l]則在元音與輔音之間,或在詞尾,兩者位置互補(bǔ),屬于互補(bǔ)分布。
二、例題分析
1. 【2013年上半年全國教師資格考試-英語學(xué)科知識與教學(xué)能力—初級中學(xué)】
Which of the following consonants doesn’t fall under the same category according to the voicing?
A.︱m︱ B.︱b︱ C.︱d︱ D.︱p︱
解析:考查語音學(xué)輔音知識。︱p︱?qū)儆谇遢o音,︱m︱,︱b︱,︱d︱?qū)儆跐彷o音。故選D。
2. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] share the feature of _____.
A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental
解析:以上五種音標(biāo)都屬于齒槽音。其它選項(xiàng),palatal腭音,bilabial雙唇音,dental齒音。故選B。
3.【2014年上半年全國教師資格考試-英語學(xué)科知識與教學(xué)能力—高級中學(xué)】
Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap are all _____.
A. minimal pairs B. diphthongs C. allophones D. phonemes
解析:考查語音學(xué)知識。最小對立對(minimal pairs)是指只有一個(gè)音素不同的一組單詞。sip [sip]和zip [zip],tip [tip]和dip [dip],map [mæp]和nap [næp]都是最小對立對。其他選項(xiàng),diphthong“雙元音”,allophone“音位變體”,phoneme“音位,音素”,故選A。
三、總結(jié)
語言學(xué)雖說是較為抽象的理論課,內(nèi)容頗多,專業(yè)術(shù)語也很多,但是在教資考試中,考生只需要了解語言學(xué)的基本知識即可,這也是我們通過對歷年的教資真 題的剖析而得出的結(jié)論,所以考生在教資考試過程中遇到語言學(xué)不要被這個(gè)“紙老虎”嚇住,要透過語言現(xiàn)象看語言的本質(zhì),用正確的方法解析語言學(xué)的題目。
英語學(xué)科知識與教學(xué)能力備考需要一定的英語功底,對于已經(jīng)丟掉書本多年的考生,我們推薦英語教師資格證網(wǎng)校高清課程(點(diǎn)擊購買,隨報(bào)隨學(xué),不限時(shí)間次數(shù)。免費(fèi)試聽),關(guān)于教師資格證考試相關(guān)最新資訊資訊或備考點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入備考專題。
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