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2、八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。

① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)

② 表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)

③ 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車)

④ 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if, unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

⑤ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。

⑥ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

⑦ 人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)

(2) 一般過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。

① 表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)

② 表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)

③ 表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

④ 講故事、對(duì)過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

(3) 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

①一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,someday, sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。

② 用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)

③ “am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④ 表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請(qǐng)等我回頭)

⑤ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))

⑥ shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?)

⑦ “be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

① 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)

③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)

(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

① 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具)

③ 用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳掷镒邥r(shí)唱了很多歌)

④ 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)

(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

①在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②表示發(fā)生在過去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?

③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)

④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)

⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那里三次。)

⑥在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

(7) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡言之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。

①過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②過去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會(huì)有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)

③過去完成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)

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