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(3)to be doing / to have done / to have been done / to have been doing:
A.意義：與主要?jiǎng)幼魍耆瑫r(shí)(正在進(jìn)行);主動(dòng)關(guān)系/先于主要?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生;主動(dòng)關(guān)系/先于主要?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生;被動(dòng)關(guān)系/在主要?jiǎng)幼髦伴_始一直延續(xù)到主要?jiǎng)幼骰蛘咴谥饕獎(jiǎng)幼髦澳骋稽c(diǎn)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生;主動(dòng)關(guān)系
B.句法功能：
這四種形式的不定式一般只和固定搭配中使用，如：seem/appear/pretend/be likely/be said/be
thought/be considered/ be reported/be believed /be supposed / turn out /mean/intend等+不定式
C.例句：They pretended to be fighting when the police passed by. = They pretended that they were fighting…
They are said to have cloned animals before. = It’s said that they have cloned…
She is likely to have been trained as a zoo keeper. = It’s likely that she was trained as a zoo keeper.
She is reported to have been working on the plan these days. = It’s reported that she has been working on…
2)–ing分詞
(1)doing
A.意義：與主要?jiǎng)幼飨啾仁峭瑫r(shí)關(guān)系，有時(shí)候表示是一個(gè)泛指動(dòng)作;主動(dòng)關(guān)系(表示泛指動(dòng)作時(shí)是動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是泛指的任何人)
B.句法功能：
可作除謂語之外的任何成分(主，賓，表，定，狀，賓補(bǔ))
C.例句：Praising children can work better than criticizing them.(主/賓，泛指動(dòng)作) Teachers enjoy pointing out their students’ mistakes. (賓) Seeing is believing.(主/表，泛指動(dòng)作) scientists pushing ahead with the research(定) Using up the Earth’s coal and oil reserves, the human race has to find alternative energy.(狀) Keep the ball rolling(賓補(bǔ))
(2)being done
A.意義：時(shí)間關(guān)系同doing。被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
B.句法功能：主，賓，表，定，狀，賓補(bǔ)
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