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說(shuō)起“泛指”,我們馬上想起不定冠詞(a/an),其實(shí)不帶冠詞的不可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定詞(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充當(dāng)這個(gè)作用。例如:

I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.

I will stay there for a few days/another few days.

“特指”經(jīng)常由定冠詞(the)或表“特定”概念的限定詞(物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等)來(lái)充當(dāng)。假如將“中國(guó)的第二大河流”說(shuō)成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模?因?yàn)镃hina’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重復(fù)的。“那個(gè)門(mén)破了的教室”既可以譯成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以說(shuō)成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因?yàn)?“door” 前應(yīng)該有個(gè)表“特指”的限定詞。同樣,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一場(chǎng)合會(huì)變成“with the help of/ take the place of”。

在表達(dá)“倍數(shù)”時(shí),我們常??吹竭@樣一個(gè)公式:“倍數(shù) + the + 名詞(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改為“倍數(shù) + 表特指的名詞/代詞”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:

① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)

② I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定語(yǔ)從句)

③ You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)

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